12
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████ 重点词汇
████ 难点词汇
████ 生僻词
████ 词组 & 惯用语
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Chapter 12: Affection ↵ One of the chief causes
of lack of is the feeling that one is
, whereas conversely the feeling of being
loved promotes more than anything else does.
A man may have the feeling of being for a
variety of reasons. He may consider himself such
a dreadful person that no one could possibly love
him; he may in childhood have had to accustom
himself to receiving less love than fell to the
share of other children; or he may in fact be a
person whom nobody loves. But in this latter
event the cause probably lies in a lack of
self-confidence due to early . The man
who feels himself may take various
attitudes as a result. He may make desperate
efforts to win affection, probably by means of
exceptional acts of kindness. In this, however,
he is very likely to be unsuccessful, since the
motive of the kindnesses is easily perceived by
their beneficiaries, and human nature is so
constructed that it gives affection
to those who seem least to demand it. The man,
therefore, who purchase affection
by actions becomes
experience of human . It never occurs
to him that the aftection which he is trying to
buy is of far more value than the material
benefits which he offers as its price, and yet
the feeling that this is so is at the basis of
his actions. Another man, observing that he is
, may seek revenge upon the world, either
by stirring up wars and revolutions, or by
gall, like . This is an
heroic reaction to , requiring a force
of character sufficient to enable a man
himself against the rest of the world. Few men
are able to reach such heights; the great
majority, both of men and women, if they feel
themselves , sink into a despair
relieved only by occasional of and
. As a rule, the lives of such people
become extremely self-centred, and the absence of
affection gives them a sense of from
which they instinctively seek to escape by
allowing habit to dominate their lives utterly
and completely. For those who make themselves the
slaves of routine are generally
by fear of a cold , and by
the feeling that they will not it if
they walk along the same paths that they have
walked along on previous days. ↵ Those who face
life with a feeling of security are much happier
than those who face it with a feeling of
, at any rate so long as their sense of
security does not lead them to disaster. And in a
very great many cases, though not in all, a sense
of security will itself help a man to escape
dangers to which another would succumb. If you
are walking over a on a narrow plank, you
are much more likely to fall if you feel fear
than if you do not. And the same thing applies to
the conduct of life. The man may, of
course, meet with sudden disaster, but it is
likely that he will pass through many
difficult situations in which a man would
. This useful kind of
self-confidence has, of course,
forms. One man is confident on mountains, another
on the sea, and yet another in the air. But
general self-confidence towards life comes more
than anything else from being
receive as much of the right sort of affection as
one has need for. And it is this habit of mind
considered as a source of that I wish to
speak about in the present chapter. ↵ It is
affection received, not affection given, that
causes this sense of security, though it arises
most of all from affection which is .
Strictiy speaking, it is not only affection but
also admiration that has this effect. Persons
whose trade is to secure public admiration, such
as actors, preachers, speakers, and politicians,
come to depend more and more upon applause. When
they receive their due of public
their life is full of ; when they do not,
they become discontented and self-centred. The
goodwill of a does for them
what is done for others by the more concentrated
affection of the few. The child whose parents are
him accepts their affection as a law of
nature. He does not think very much about it,
although it is of great importance to his
happiness. He thinks about the world, about the
adventures that come his way and the more
marvelous adventures that will come his way when
he is grown up. But behind all these external
interests there is the feeling that he will be
protected from disaster by parental affection.
The child from whom for any reason parental
affection is withdrawn is likely to become
and , filled with fears and
self-pity, and no longer able to meet the world
in a mood of gay exploration. Such a child may
set to work at a surprisingly early age to
life and death and . He
becomes an , at first, but
seeking ultimately the consolations of
some system of philosophy or theology. The world
is a higgledy-piggledy place, containing things
pleasant and things unpleasant in
sequence. And the desire to make an
system or pattern out of it is at bottom an
outcome of fear, in fact a kind of or
of open spaces. Within the four walls of
his library the student feels safe. If he
can persuade himself that the universe is equally
tidy, he can feel almost equally safe when he has
to into the streets. Such a man, if
he had received more affection, would have feared
the real world less, and would not have had to
invent an ideal world to take its place in his
beliefs. ↵ By no means all affection, however,
has this effect in encouraging .
The affection given must be itself robust rather
than , desiring excellence even more than
safety on the part of its object, though of
course by no means safety. The
timid mother or nurse, who is warning
children against disasters that may occur, who
thinks that every dog will bite and that every
cow is , may produce in them a
equal to her-own, and may cause them to feel that
they are never safe except in her immediate
neighbourhood. To the mother
this feeling on the part of a child may be
: she may desire his dependence upon
herself more than his capacity to cope with the
world. In that case her child is probably worse
off in the long run than he would be if he were
not loved at all. The habits of mind formed in
early years are likely through life.
Many people when they fall in love look for a
little from the world, where they
can be sure of being admired when they are not
, and praised when they are not
. To many men home is a refuge from
the truth: it is their fear and their
that make them enjoy a in which
these feelings are put to rest. They seek from
their wives what they obtained formerly from an
mother, and yet they are surprised if
their wives regard them as grown-up children. ↵
To define the best kind of affection is not
altogether easy, since clearly there will be some
protective element in it. We do not feel
the hurts of people whom we love.
I think, however, that apprehension of
, as opposed to a
that has actually occurred, should
play as small a part as possible in affection.
Fear for others is only better than fear
for ourselves. Moreover it is very often a
for . It is hoped that
by their fears a more complete empire
over them can be obtained. This, of course, is
one of the reasons why men have liked timid
women, since by protecting them they came to own
them. The amount of of which a person
can be the object without damage to himself
depends upon his character: a person who is hardy
and can endure a great deal without
damage, whereas a timid person should be
encouraged to expect little in this way. ↵
Affection received has a function. We
have spoken of it hitherto in connection with
security, but in adult life it has an even more
essential biological purpose, namely .
To be unable to inspire sex love is a grave
to any man or woman, since it deprives
him or her of the greatest joys that life has to
offer. This deprivation is almost sure sooner or
later to destroy and produce .
Very frequently, however, previous in
childhood have produced defects of character
which are the cause of failure to obtain love in
later years. This is perhaps more true where men
are concerned than it is as regards women, for on
the whole women tend to love men for their
character while men tend to love women for their
appearance. In this respect, it must be said, men
show themselves the inferiors of women, for the
qualities that men find pleasing in women are on
the whole less desirable than those that women
find pleasing in men. I am not at all sure,
however, that it is easier to acquire a good
character than a good appearance; at any rate,
the steps necessary for the latter are better
understood and pursued by women than
are the steps necessary for the former by men. ↵
We have been speaking hitherto of the affection
of which a person is the object. I wish now to
speak of the affection that a person gives. This
also is of two different kinds, one of which is
perhaps the most important expression of a zest
for life, while the other is an expression of
fear. The former seems to me wholly ,
while the latter is at best a consolation. If you
are a ship on a fine day along a
beautiful coast, you admire the coast and feel
pleasure in it. This pleasure is one derived
entirely from looking , and has nothing to
do with any desperate need of your own. If, on
the other hand, your ship is wrecked and you swim
towards the coast, you acquire for it a new kind
of love: it represents security against the
waves, and its beauty or becomes an
matter. The better sort of affection
the feeling of the man whose ship
is secure, the less excellent sort
that of the ship-wrecked . The first of
these kinds of affection is only possible in so
far as a man feels safe, or at any rate is
such dangers as him; the
latter kind, , is caused by the
feeling of . The feeling caused by
is much more subjective and
self-centred than the other, since the loved
person is valued for services rendered, not for
. I do not, however, wish to
suggest that this kind of affection has no
legitimate part to play in life. In fact, almost
all real affection contains something of both
kinds in combination, and in so far as affection
does really cure the sense of it sets
a man free to feel again that interest in the
world which in moments of danger and fear is
obscured. But while recognising the part that
such affection has to play in life, we must still
hold that it is less excellent than the other
kind, since it depends upon fear, and fear is an
evil, and also because it is more self-centred.
In the best kind of affection a man hopes for a
new happiness rather than for escape from an old
. ↵ The best type of affection is
life-giving; each receives affection
and gives it without effort, and each
finds the whole world more interesting in
consequence of the existence of this
happiness. There is, however, another kind, by no
means uncommon, in which one person sucks the
of the other, one receives what the
other gives, but gives almost nothing in return.
Some very vital people belong to this
type. They extract the from
one victim after another, but while they
and grow interesting, those upon whom they live
grow pale and dim and dull. Such people use
others as means to their own ends, and never
consider them as ends in themselves.
Fundamentally they are not interested in those
whom for the moment they think they love; they
are interested only in the stimulus to their own
activities, perhaps of a quite sort.
Evidently this springs from some defect in their
nature, but it is one not altogether easy either
to diagnose or to cure. It is a characteristic
frequently associated with great ambition, and is
rooted, I should say, in an one-sided view
of what makes human happiness. Affection in the
sense of a genuine interest for two
persons in each other, not solely as means to
each other's good, but rather as a combination
having a common good, is one of the most
important elements of real happiness, and the man
whose ego is so enclosed within steel walls that
this of it is impossible misses the
best that life has to offer, however successful
he may be in his career. Ambition which excludes
affection from its is generally the
result of some kind of anger or hatred against
the human race, produced by in youth,
by injustices in later life, or by any of the
causes which lead to . A too
powerful ego is a prison from which a man must
escape if he is to enjoy the world to the full. A
capacity for genuine affection is one of the
marks of the man who has escaped from this prison
of self. To receive affection is by no means
enough; affection which is received should
liberate the affection which is to be given, and
only where both exist in equal measure does
affection achieve its best posibilities. ↵
Obstacles, psychological and social, to the
of are a grave
evil, from which the world has always suffered
and still suffers. People are slow to give
fear it should be ; they
are slow to fear that they
should be made to suffer either by the person
upon whom they it or by a
world. Caution is both in the name of
morality and in the name of , with
the result that generosity and
are discouraged where the affections are
concerned. All this tends to produce and
anger against mankind, since many people miss
throughout life what is really a fundamental
need, and to nine out of ten an
condition of a happy and attitude
towards the world. It is not to be supposed that
those who are what is called are in this
respect those who are not. In sex
relations there is very often almost nothing that
can be called real affection;
there is even a fundamental hostility. Each is
trying not to give himself or herself away, each
is preserving fundamental loneliness, each
remains intact and therefore unfructified. In
such experiences there is no fundamental value. I
do not say that they should be carefully avoided,
since the steps necessary to this end would be
likely to interfere also with the occasions where
a more valuable and profound affection could grow
up. But I do say that the only sex relations that
have real value are those in which there is no
and in which the whole personality of
both becomes a new collective
personality. Of all forms of caution, caution in
love is perhaps the most true happiness.
↵
知识点
重点词汇
swimmer [ˈswɪmə(r)] n. 游泳者 { :8151}
prosper [ˈprɒspə(r)] vi. 繁荣，昌盛；成功 vt. 使……成功；使……昌盛；使……繁荣 n. (Prosper)人名；(英、德、罗、法)普罗斯珀 {ky toefl :8251}
insecurity [ˌɪnsɪ'kjʊərətɪ] n. 不安全；不牢靠；无把握；心神不定 { :8267}
unduly [ˌʌnˈdju:li] adv. 过度地；不适当地；不正当地 { :8416}
multitude [ˈmʌltɪtju:d] n. 群众；多数 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :8435}
vitality [vaɪˈtæləti] n. 活力，生气；生命力，生动性 {toefl :8443}
envy [ˈenvi] n. 嫉妒，妒忌；羡慕 vt. 嫉妒，妒忌；羡慕 vi. 感到妒忌；显示出妒忌 {gk cet4 cet6 ky ielts :8468}
misfortunes [misˈfɔ:tʃənz] n. 不幸( misfortune的名词复数 ); 厄运; 不幸的事; 灾难 { :8481}
misfortune [ˌmɪsˈfɔ:tʃu:n] n. 不幸；灾祸，灾难 {cet6 ky toefl ielts :8481}
adventurous [ədˈventʃərəs] adj. 爱冒险的；大胆的；充满危险的 {toefl :8490}
indispensable [ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl] n. 不可缺少之物；必不可少的人 adj. 不可缺少的；绝对必要的；责无旁贷的 {cet4 cet6 ky toefl ielts :8544}
admirable [ˈædmərəbl] adj. 令人钦佩的；极好的；值得赞扬的 {gk toefl :8547}
outward [ˈaʊtwəd] adj. 向外的；外面的；公开的；外服的；肉体的 adv. 向外（等于outwards）；在外；显而易见地 n. 外表；外面；物质世界 {gk cet4 cet6 ky toefl :8599}
dread [dred] n. 恐惧；可怕的人（或物） vt. 惧怕；担心 adj. 可怕的 vi. 惧怕；担心 {cet4 cet6 ky toefl ielts :8728}
impersonal [ɪmˈpɜ:sənl] n. 非人称动词；不具人格的事物 adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的 {toefl :8797}
reciprocal [rɪˈsɪprəkl] n. [数] 倒数；互相起作用的事物 adj. 互惠的；相互的；倒数的，彼此相反的 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :8842}
persecution [ˌpɜ:sɪ'kju:ʃn] n. 迫害；烦扰 { :8852}
expansive [ɪkˈspænsɪv] adj. 广阔的；扩张的；豪爽的 {toefl gre :9197}
gleams [ɡli:mz] n. 闪光( gleam的名词复数 ); 闪现; 流露 v. （使）闪烁， （使）闪亮( gleam的第三人称单数 ) { :9332}
bestow [bɪˈstəʊ] vt. 使用；授予；放置；留宿 {cet6 toefl gre :9425}
unimportant [ˌʌnɪmˈpɔ:tnt] adj. 不重要的；琐碎的 {gk :9487}
unwise [ˌʌnˈwaɪz] adj. 不明智的；愚蠢的；轻率的 { :9528}
agreeable [əˈgri:əbl] adj. 令人愉快的；适合的；和蔼可亲的 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :9587}
immoral [ɪˈmɒrəl] adj. 不道德的；邪恶的；淫荡的 { :9751}
benevolent [bəˈnevələnt] adj. 仁慈的；慈善的；亲切的 {toefl gre :9977}
zest [zest] n. 风味；热心；强烈的兴趣 vt. 给…调味 {toefl ielts gre :10079}
rousing [ˈraʊzɪŋ] adj. 活泼的；使奋起的；使感动的 v. 唤醒；激怒；唤起（rouse的ing形式） { :10108}
worldly [ˈwɜ:ldli] adj. 世俗的；世间的；尘世的 adv. 世俗地；世故地 {toefl :10714}
innumerable [ɪˈnju:mərəbl] adj. 无数的，数不清的 {cet6 ky toefl ielts :11097}
beset [bɪˈset] vt. 困扰；镶嵌；围绕 {toefl ielts gre :11120}
unreal [ˌʌnˈrɪəl] adj. 不真实的；假的；幻想的；虚构的 { :11141}
timid [ˈtɪmɪd] adj. 胆小的；羞怯的 {cet4 cet6 ky toefl gre :11301}
haphazard [hæpˈhæzəd] n. 偶然；偶然事件 adj. 偶然的；随便的；无计划的 adv. 偶然地；随意地 {toefl ielts gre :11477}
fearless [ˈfɪələs] adj. 无畏的；大胆的 {cet6 :11481}
malice [ˈmælɪs] n. 恶意；怨恨；预谋 n. (Malice)人名；(意)马利切 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :11521}
unhappiness [ʌn'hæpɪnəs] n. 苦恼；忧愁 { :11535}
companionship [kəmˈpæniənʃɪp] n. 友谊；陪伴；交谊 { :11684}
diffused [dɪ'fju:zd] adj. 散布的，扩散的；普及的 v. 散布，传播（diffuse的过去分词）；使分散 { :11715}
camouflage [ˈkæməflɑ:ʒ] n. 伪装，掩饰 vt. 伪装，掩饰 vi. 伪装起来 {toefl gre :12127}
enlargement [ɪnˈlɑ:dʒmənt] n. 放大；放大的照片；增补物 { :12305}
meditate [ˈmedɪteɪt] vt. 考虑；计划；企图 vi. 冥想；沉思 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :12380}
mania [ˈmeɪniə] n. 狂热；狂躁；热衷 n. (Mania)人名；(罗、阿拉伯、西)马尼亚 {ky toefl ielts gre :12415}
perpetually [pə'petʃʊəlɪ] adv. 永恒地，持久地 { :13089}
chasm [ˈkæzəm] n. 峡谷；裂口；分歧；深坑 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :13437}
melancholy [ˈmelənkəli] adj. 忧郁的；使人悲伤的 n. 忧郁；悲哀；愁思 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :13596}
disillusioned [ˌdɪsɪˈlu:ʒnd] v. 使幻想破灭（disillusion的过去分词）；唤醒 adj. 醒悟的；幻想破灭的；不抱幻想的 {cet6 :13687}
unscathed [ʌnˈskeɪðd] adj. 未受伤的 {gre :13912}
infrequently [ɪn'fri:kwəntlɪ] adv. 很少发生地；稀少地 { :14159}
misplaced [ˌmɪsˈpleɪst] adj. 错位的；寄托错的 v. 错放（misplace的过去式） { :14201}
parenthood [ˈpeərənthʊd] n. 亲子关系；父母身份 { :14467}
intelligible [ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl] adj. 可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力了解的 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :14873}
possessive [pəˈzesɪv] n. 所有格 adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的；占有欲强的 { :15089}
ugliness ['ʌɡlɪnəs] n. 丑陋，丑陋之物 { :16643}
purview [ˈpɜ:vju:] n. 范围，权限；视界；条款 { :17507}
twofold [ˈtu:fəʊld] adj. 双重的；两倍的 adv. 双重地；两倍地 { :17550}
reticence ['retɪsns] n. 沉默寡言 {toefl :18151}
难点词汇
enjoined [enˈdʒɔɪnd] v. 命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) { :19159}
unloved [ˌʌnˈlʌvd] adj. 不为人所爱的 { :20263}
timidities [ ] (timidity 的复数) n. 胆小, 胆怯, 羞怯 { :22528}
timidity [tɪ'mɪdətɪ] n. 胆怯，胆小；羞怯 {toefl ielts gre :22528}
praiseworthy [ˈpreɪzwɜ:ði] adj. 值得称赞的；可嘉的 { :23305}
approbation [ˌæprəˈbeɪʃn] n. 认可；赞许；批准 {gre :23368}
censorious [senˈsɔ:riəs] adj. 挑剔的；受批判的（名词censoriousness，副词censoriously） { :24552}
ingratitude [ɪnˈgrætɪtju:d] n. 忘恩负义 { :25050}
introvert [ˈɪntrəvɜ:t] n. 内向的人；内翻的东西 vi. 成为内弯；成为性格内向的人 vt. 使内向；使内倾；使内弯 { :26529}
solicitude [səˈlɪsɪtju:d] n. 焦虑；渴望；担心 {gre :26980}
actuated [ˈæktʃu:ˌeɪtid] adj. 开动的；动作的 v. 驱动；激励（actuate的过去分词形式）；使运转 { :29241}
blossoming ['blɑsəmɪŋ] n. 开花；绽放；成功发展 { :29786}
reciprocally [rɪ'sɪprəklɪ] adv. 相互地；相反地；互惠地 { :30176}
introversion [ˌɪntrə'vɜ:ʃn] n. 内省性，内向性 { :30731}
possessiveness [pə'zesɪvnəs] n. 占有；自制力 { :31434}
unvarying [ʌnˈveəriɪŋ] adj. 不变的；恒久的 { :31827}
agoraphobia [ˌægərəˈfəʊbiə] n. 旷野恐怖；[心理] 广场恐怖症；陌生环境恐怖症 { :32253}
unadventurous [ˌʌnədˈventʃərəs] adj. 不冒险的；无冒险精神的；安然无恙的 { :37027}
adventurousness [ ] n. 喜欢冒险；敢作敢为 { :41501}
复习词汇
affection [əˈfekʃn] n. 喜爱，感情；影响；感染 {gk cet4 cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :4103}
生僻词
bloodsucking ['blʌd,sʌkiŋ] a. 吸血动物的
grown-up [ɡrəʊn ʌp] n. 成年人 adj. 成熟的
higgledy-piggledy [ˌhɪgldi ˈpɪgldi] n. 混乱 adj. 混乱的 adv. 混乱地
life-giving [ˈlaifˌɡiviŋ] adj. 提神的；给与生命的
meed [mi:d] n. <古>报酬，奖赏，赏与
one-sided [ˌwʌnˈsaidid] adj. 片面的，单方面的；不公正的
self-centred [ˈselfˈsentəd] adj. 自我中心的；自私自利的
self-confidence [self 'kɒnfɪdəns] n. 自信
self-pity [ˈselfˈpɪti:] n. 自怜；自哀
ship-wrecked [ ] [网络] 水面惊魂
词组
a bull [ ] [网络] 多头；温总理；这个是最好的例子
a pen [ ] [网络] 一支钢笔；一支笔；一枝笔
a shade [ ] [网络] 影子；一点点
a shade better [ ] [网络] 稍好一点
accustom to [ ] un. 习惯于 [网络] 使习惯；使习惯于；习惯于某事
admiration for [ ] [网络] 钦佩；对…赞赏；钦偑
affection for [ ] [网络] 喜爱；对…的爱；情感
bump into [bʌmp ˈɪntuː] v. 偶然碰到；邂逅；遇见；(意外)撞到 [网络] 撞上；碰见；撞见
came to grief [ ] vbl.遭难,遭到不幸,出事故
come to grief [kʌm tu: ɡri:f] na. 失败；受伤；受欺负；出毛病 [网络] 遭难；吃亏；无由之灾
correspond to [ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd tu:] v. 符合 [网络] 相当于；相应；对应
Dean Swift [ ] [网络] 史威夫特；史维德；斯威夫特
dip in [ ] v. 拿取自己的一份 [网络] 浸泡；蘸；沾
disillusion by [ ] 因…而对…感到失望
endeavour to [inˈdevə tu:] [网络] 争取；努力；例句
fatal to [ ] [网络] 致命的；对……是致命的
fond of [fɔnd ɔv] un. 爱好 [网络] 喜欢；对…的喜爱；情有独钟
haven of refuge [ ] n.避风港
human destiny [ ] [网络] 人的命运；人类之命运；命数
indifferent to [ ] prep. 不关心 [网络] 不在乎；无兴趣；对…漠不关心
intrinsic quality [ ] [网络] 商品内在素质；内在质量；本质
meditate on [ ] v. 沉思 [网络] 对…沉思
merge in [ ] [网络] 吸收；消失在；使用
more readily [mɔ: ˈredili] adj. 乐意地( readily的比较级 ); 快捷地; 轻而易举地; 便利地
most readily [məust ˈredili] adj. 乐意地( readily的最高级 ); 快捷地; 轻而易举地; 便利地
not infrequently [ ] [网络] 经常；不止一次
on the contrary [ɔn ðə ˈkɔntrəri] na. 反之 [网络] 正相反；相反地；相反的
outer world [ ] [网络] 外敌世界；外部世界；外在世界
persecution mania [ ] [法] 被迫害妄想症
reciprocal affection [ ] [网络] 互爱
sail in [ ] na. 驶入港口；〔口语〕毅然出面；开始行动；攻击 [网络] 参与激烈的争辩或辩论；坐飞机用；进港
superior to [sjuˈpiəriə tu:] adj. 胜过；优于 [网络] 比…好；级别高于；比…高级
sympathy with [ ] [网络] 对……的赞同；对…同情；对……的同情
to persist [ ] [网络] 坚持
to pit [ ] 青贮
venture forth [ ] [网络] 不畏艰难地出发
with joy [ ] [网络] 高兴地；喜悦地；大声欢叫
worldly wisdom [ ] na. 世故 [网络] 人情世故；处世的或长於世故的；处世的或长于世故的
单词释义末尾数字为词频顺序
zk/中考 gk/中考 ky/考研 cet4/四级 cet6/六级 ielts/雅思 toefl/托福 gre/GRE
* 词汇量测试建议用 testyourvocab.com