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Chapter 3: Competition ↵ If you ask any man in
America, or any man in business in England, what
it is that most his enjoyment of
existence, he will say:'The struggle for life.
He will say this ; he will
believe it. In a certain sense it is true; yet in
another, and that a very important sense, it is
profoundly false. The struggle for life is a
thing which does, of course, occur. It may occur
to any of us if we are unfortunate. It occurred,
for example, to Conrad's hero , who found
himself on a , one of the two men
among the crew who were possessed of fire-arms,
with nothing to eat but the other men, When the
two men had finished the meals upon which they
could agree, a true struggle for life began.
won, but was ever after a . ↵ Now that
is not what the businessman means when he speaks
of the'struggle for life'. It is an
phrase which he has picked up in order to give
dignity to something essentially trivial. Ask him
how many men he has known in his class of life
who have . Ask him what happened to
his friends after they had been ruined. Everybody
knows that a businessman who has been ruined is
better off so far as material comforts are
concerned than a man who has never been rich
enough to have the chance of being ruined. What
people mean, therefore, by the struggle for life
is really the struggle for success. What people
fear when they engage in the struggle is not that
they will fail to get their breakfast next
morning, but that they will fail to
their neighbours. ↵ It is very how
little men seem to realise that they are not
caught a mechanism from which
there is no escape, but that the is one
upon which they remain merely because they have
not noticed that it fails to take them up to a
higher level. I am thinking, of course, of men in
higher walks of business, men who already have a
good income and could, if they chose, live on
what they have. To do so would seem to them
, like deserting from the army in the
face of the enemy, though if you ask them what
public cause they are serving by their work, they
will be at a loss to reply as soon as they have
run through the to be found in the
advertisements of the life. ↵ Consider
the life of such a man. He has, we may suppose, a
charming house, a charming wife, and charming
children. He wakes up early in the morning while
they are still asleep and to his
office. There it is his duty to display the
qualities of a great executive; he cultivates a
firm jaw, a decisive manner of speech, and an air
of reserve calculated to impress
everybody except the office boy. He dictates
letters, various important persons
on the'phone, studies the market, and presently
has lunch with some person with whom he is
conducting or hoping to conduct a deal. The same
sort of thing goes on all the afternoon. He
arrives home, tired, just in time to dress for
dinner. At dinner he and a number of other tired
men have to enjoy the company of
ladies who have no occasion to feel tired yet.
How many hours it may take the poor man to escape
it is impossible to foresee. At last he sleeps,
and for a few hours the tension is relaxed. ↵
The working life of this man has the psychology
of a hundred-yards race, but as the race upon
which he is engaged is one whose only goal is the
grave, the concentration, which is appropriate
enough for a hundred yards, becomes in the end
somewhat excessive. ↵ What does he know about
his children? On week-days he is at the office;
on Sundays he is at the golf links. What does he
know of his wife? When he leaves her in the
morning, she is asleep. Throughout the evening he
and she are engaged in social duties which
prevent intimate conversation. He has probably no
men friends who are important to him, although he
has a number with whom he affects a
that he wishes he felt. Of and harvest
he knows only as they affect the market; foreign
countries he has probably seen, but with eyes of
utter boredom. Books seem to him , and
music . Year by year he grows more
lonely; his attention grows more concentrated and
his life outside business more . I have
seen the American of this type in later middle
life, , with his wife and daughters.
Evidently they had persuaded the poor fellow that
it was time he took a holiday and gave his girls
a chance to do the Old World. The mother and
daughters in surround him and call his
attention to each new item that strikes them as
characteristic. , utterly weary,
utterly bored, is wondering what they are doing
in the office at this moment, or what is
happening in the baseball world. His ,
in the end, give him up, and conclude that males
are . It never them that he
is a victim to their greed; nor, indeed, is this
quite the truth, any more than is quite
what it appeared to a European . Probably
in nine cases out of ten was a willing
victim, prepared to be burnt for the sake of
glory and because religion so . The
businessman's religion and glory demand that he
should make much money; therefore, like
widow, he suffers the . ↵ If the
American businessman is to be made happier, he
must first change his religion. So long as he not
only desires success, but is whole-heartedly
persuaded that it is a man's duty to pursue
success, and that a man who does not do so is a
poor creature, so long his life will remain too
concentrated and too anxious to be happy. ↵ Take
a simple matter, such as investments. Almost
every American would sooner get 8 from a
risks investment than 4 from a safe one.
The consequence is that there are frequent losses
of money and continual worry and . For my
part, the thing that I would wish to obtain from
money would be leisure with security. But what
the typical modern man desires to get with it is
more money, with a view to ,
, and the of those who have
hitherto been his equals. The social scale in
America is and continually
. Consequently all the
emotions become more restless than they are where
the social order is fixed, and although money in
itself may not make people grand, it
is difficult to be grand without money. Moreover,
money made is the accepted measure of brains. A
man who makes a lot of money is a clever fellow;
a man who does not, is not. Nobody likes to be
thought . Therefore, when the market is in
condition, a man feels the way young
people feel during an examination. ↵ I think it
should be admitted that an element of genuine
though as to the consequences of
ruin frequently enters into a businessman's
anxieties. Arnold Bennett's Clayhanger, however
rich he became, continued to be afraid of dying
in the . I have no doubt that those who
have suffered greatly through poverty in their
childhood, are haunted by terrors their
children should suffer similarly, and feel that
it is hardly possible to build up enough millions
as a against this disaster. Such fears
are probably inevitable in the first generation,
but they are less likely to those who
have never known great poverty. They are in any
case a minor and somewhat exceptional factor in
the problem. ↵ The root of the trouble springs
from too much emphasis upon competitive success
as the main source of happiness. I do not deny
that the feeling of success makes it easier to
enjoy life. A painter, let us say, who has been
obscure throughout his youth, is likely to become
happier if his talent wins recognition. Nor do I
deny that money, up to a certain point, is very
capable of increasing happiness; beyond that
point, I do not think it does so. What I do
maintain is that success can only be one
ingredient in happiness, and is too
purchased if all the other ingredients have been
obtain it. ↵ The source of this
trouble is the prevalent philosophy of life in
business circles. , it is true, there
are still other circles that have prestige. In
some countries there is an ; in all
there are the learned professions, and in all but
a few of the smaller countries the army and the
navy enjoy great respect. Now while it is true
that there is a competitive element in success no
matter what a man's profession may be, yet at the
same time the kind of thing that is respected is
not just success, but that excellence, whatever
that may be, to which success has been due. A man
of science may or may not make money; he is
certainly not more respected if he does than if
he does not. No one is surprised to find an
general or admiral poor; indeed, poverty
in such circumstances is, in a sense, itself an
honour. For these reasons, , the purely
monetary competitive struggle is
certain circles, and those perhaps not the most
influential or the most respected. ↵ In America
the matter is otherwise. The Services play too
small a part in the national life for their
standards to have any influence. As for the
learned professions, no outsider can tell whether
a doctor really knows much medicine, or whether a
lawyer really knows much law, and it is therefore
easier to judge of their merit by the income to
be their standard of life. As for
professors, they are the hired servants of
businessmen, and as such will less respect than
is them in older countries. The
consequence of all this is that in America the
professional man imitates the businessman, and
does not constitute a separate type as he does in
Europe. Throughout the well-to-do classes,
therefore, there is nothing to the bare,
fight for financial success. ↵ From
quite early years American boys feel that this is
the only thing that matters, and do not wish to
be bothered with any kind of education that is
value. Education used to be
conceived very largely as a training in the
capacity for enjoyment - enjoyment, I mean, of
those more delicate kinds that are not open to
wholly people. In the eighteenth
century it was one of the marks of a'gentleman'
to take a discriminating pleasure in literature,
pictures, and music. We nowadays may disagree
with his taste, but it was at least genuine. The
rich man of the present day tends to be of quite
a different type. He never reads. If he is
creating a picture gallery with a view to
enhancing his fame, he relies upon experts to
choose his pictures; the pleasure that he derives
from them is not the pleasure of looking at them,
but the pleasure of preventing some other rich
man from having them. In regard to music, if he
happens to be a Jew, he may have genuine
appreciation; if not, he will be as
as he is in regard to the other arts. The result
of all this is that he does not know what to do
with leisure. As he gets richer and richer it
become easier and easier to make money, until at
last five minutes a day will bring him more than
he knows how to spend. The poor man is thus left
as a result of his success. This
must inevitably be the case so long as success
itself is represented as the purpose of life.
Unless a man has been taught what to do with
success after getting it, the achievement of it
must inevitably leave him a boredom. ↵
The competitive habit of mind easily invades
regions to which it does not belong. Take, for
example, the question of reading. There are two
motives for reading a book: one, that you enjoy
it; the other, that you can it. It
has become the thing in America for ladies to
read (or seem to read) certain books every month;
some read them, some read the first chapter, some
read the reviews, but all have these books on
their tables. , however, read any
masterpieces. There has never been a month when
Hamlet or King has been selected by the Book
Clubs; there has never been a month when it has
been necessary to know about . Consequently
the reading that is done is entirely of
modern books and never of masterpieces. This also
is an effect of competition, not perhaps wholly
bad, since most of the ladies in question, if
left to themselves, so far from reading
masterpieces, would read books even worse than
those selected for them by their literary pastors
and masters. ↵ The emphasis upon competition in
modern life is connected with a general decay of
standards such as must have occurred in
Rome after the . Men and women appear
to have become enjoying the more
intellectual pleasures. The art of general
conversation, for example, brought
in the French salons of the eighteenth century,
was still a living tradition forty years ago. It
was a very art, bringing the highest
faculties into play for the sake of something
completely . But who in our age cares
for anything so ? In China the art still
flourished ten years ago, but I
imagine that the missionary of the
Nationalists has since then swept it completely
out of existence. The knowledge of good
literature, which was universal among educated
people fifty or a hundred years ago, is now
a few professors. All the quieter
pleasures have been abandoned. ↵ Some American
students took me walking in the spring through a
wood on the borders of their campus; it was
filled with wild flowers, but not one
of my guides knew the name of even one of them.
What use would such knowledge be? It could not
add to anybody's income. ↵ The trouble does not
lie simply with the individual, nor can a single
individual prevent it in his own isolated case.
The trouble arises from the generally received
philosophy of life, which life is a
contest, a competition, in which respect is to be
the victor. This view leads to an
cultivation of the will at the expense of
the senses and the . Or possibly, in
saying this, we may be putting the cart before
the horse. have always
emphasised the will in modern times, although
originally it was faith upon which they laid
stress. It may be that ages of
produced a race in which will had been
over-developed, while the senses and the
had been starved, and that such a race
adopted a philosophy of competition as the one
best suited to its nature. ↵ However that may
be, the success of these modern
dinosaurs, who, like their
prototypes, prefer power to intelligence, is
causing them to be universally imitated: they
have become the pattern of the white man
everywhere, and this is likely to be increasingly
the case for the next hundred years. Those,
however, who are not in the fashion may take
comfort from the thought that the dinosaurs did
not ultimately triumph; they killed each other
out, and intelligent inherited their
kingdom. Our modern dinosaurs are killing
themselves out. , on the average, have
so much as two children per marriage;
enjoy life enough to wish to children. At
this point the philosophy which
they have carried over from their
shows itself to the world.
Those whose causes them to feel
so little happiness that they do not care to
children are doomed. Before
very long they must be succeeded by something
and . ↵ Competition considered as
the main thing in life is too grim, too
, too much a matter of muscles and
intent will, to make a possible basis of life for
more than one or two generations at most. After
that length of time it must produce nervous
fatigue, various phenomena of escape, a pursuit
of pleasures as tense and as difficult as work (
since relaxing has become impossible), and in the
end a disappearance of the stock through
. It is not only work that is poisoned
by the philosophy of competition; leisure is
poisoned just as much. The kind of leisure which
is quiet and restoring to the nerves comes to be
felt boring. There is bound to be a continual
acceleration of which the
would be drugs and collapse. The cure for this
lies in admitting the part of and quiet
enjoyment in a balanced ideal of life. ↵
知识点
重点词汇
Hindu ['hindu:] n. 印度人；印度教教徒 adj. 印度教的；印度的 { :8019}
ecstasy [ˈekstəsi] n. 狂喜；入迷；忘形 {toefl gre :8057}
termination [ˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn] n. 结束，终止 {toefl gre :8066}
exquisite [ɪkˈskwɪzɪt] n. 服饰过于讲究的男子 adj. 精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；剧烈的 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :8096}
irrational [ɪˈræʃənl] n. [数] 无理数 adj. 不合理的；无理性的；荒谬的 { :8231}
unduly [ˌʌnˈdju:li] adv. 过度地；不适当地；不正当地 { :8416}
derelict [ˈderəlɪkt] n. 遗弃物；玩忽职守者；被遗弃的人 adj. 玩忽职守的；无主的；被抛弃了的 {ielts gre :8529}
undue [ˌʌnˈdju:] adj. 过度的，过分的；不适当的；未到期的 {ielts :8581}
eminent [ˈemɪnənt] adj. 杰出的；有名的；明显的 {ky toefl ielts gre :8632}
inaccurate [ɪnˈækjərət] adj. 错误的 {cet6 ielts :8642}
jollier [d'ʒɒlɪər] n. 讨别人开心的人，马屁精 adj. 快活的，高兴的，兴高采烈的( jolly的比较级 ) { :8699}
intellect [ˈɪntəlekt] n. 智力，理解力；知识分子；思维逻辑领悟力；智力高的人 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :8730}
aristocracy [ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi] n. 贵族；贵族统治；上层社会；贵族政治 {gre :8817}
lest [lest] conj. 唯恐，以免；担心 {cet4 cet6 ky :8827}
civilised ['sɪvəlaɪzd] adj. 文明的 { :8881}
mitigate [ˈmɪtɪgeɪt] vt. 使缓和，使减轻 vi. 减轻，缓和下来 {toefl ielts gre :8991}
vegetarian [ˌvedʒəˈteəriən] n. 素食者；食草动物 adj. 素食的 {ky toefl ielts :9054}
workhouse [ˈwɜ:khaʊs] n. （英）济贫院；（美）[法] 教养所；感化院；贫民习艺所 { :9164}
singular [ˈsɪŋgjələ(r)] n. 单数 adj. 单数的；单一的；非凡的；异常的 {cet4 cet6 ky ielts :9212}
futile [ˈfju:taɪl] adj. 无用的；无效的；没有出息的；琐细的；不重要的 {ky toefl gre :9374}
sane [seɪn] adj. 健全的；理智的；[临床] 神志正常的 n. (Sane)人名；(日)实(姓)；(日)实(名)；(芬、塞、冈、几比、塞内)萨内 {ky toefl gre :9556}
devoid [dɪˈvɔɪd] adj. 缺乏的；全无的 {toefl gre :9605}
afflict [əˈflɪkt] vt. 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :9633}
treadmill [ˈtredmɪl] n. 踏车，跑步机；单调的工作 {toefl :9677}
splendour [ˈsplendə(r)] n. 显赫（等于splendor）；光彩壮丽 { :9772}
dearly [ˈdɪəli] adv. 深深地；昂贵地 { :9912}
fret [fret] n. 烦躁；焦急；磨损 vi. 烦恼；焦急；磨损 vt. 使烦恼；焦急；使磨损 n. (Fret)人名；(法)弗雷；(西)弗雷特 {cet6 toefl ielts gre :9929}
cent [sent] n. 分；一分的硬币；森特（等于半音程的百分之一） n. (Cent)人名；(法)桑 {zk gk cet4 cet6 ky :10111}
prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪˈstɒrɪk] adj. 史前的；陈旧的 {toefl gre :10293}
taut [tɔ:t] n. (Taut)人名；(德)陶特 adj. 拉紧的；紧张的；整洁的 vt. 使纠缠；使缠结 {gre :10415}
mediocre [ˌmi:diˈəʊkə(r)] adj. 普通的；平凡的；中等的 {toefl ielts gre :10434}
puritan [ˈpjʊərɪtən] n. 清教徒 adj. 清教徒的 { :10620}
sincerity [sɪn'serətɪ] n. 真实，诚挚 {cet6 :10928}
gladly [ˈglædli] adv. 乐意地；高兴地；欢喜地 { :10981}
strenuous [ˈstrenjuəs] adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的 {ky toefl ielts :11142}
leisurely [ˈleʒəli] adj. 悠闲的；从容的 adv. 悠闲地；从容不迫地 {toefl :11186}
converses [kənˈvə:siz] v. 交谈，谈话( converse的第三人称单数 ) { :11468}
onlooker [ˈɒnlʊkə(r)] n. 旁观者；观众（等于spectator） {ielts :11544}
fluctuating ['flʌktʃʊeɪtɪŋ] v. 波动（fluctuate的ing形式） adj. 波动的；变动的 { :11623}
shameful [ˈʃeɪmfl] adj. 可耻的；不体面的；不道德的；猥亵的 {cet6 :11754}
ordained [ɔ:ˈdeɪnd] 规定 { :11835}
bystanders ['baɪstændəz] n. 旁观者（bystander的复数） { :11928}
indefinite [ɪnˈdefɪnət] adj. 不确定的；无限的；模糊的 {cet4 cet6 toefl ielts :11948}
torment [ˈtɔ:ment] n. 痛苦，苦恼；痛苦的根源 vt. 折磨，使痛苦；纠缠，作弄 {cet6 ky toefl ielts gre :12020}
biologically [ -kli] adv. 生物学上，生物学地 { :12839}
prodigious [prəˈdɪdʒəs] adj. 惊人的，异常的，奇妙的；巨大的 {toefl ielts gre :14195}
springtime [ˈsprɪŋtaɪm] n. 春天；春季；初期 {cet4 cet6 toefl :14237}
tenacious [təˈneɪʃəs] adj. 顽强的；坚韧的；固执的；紧握的；黏着力强的 {toefl ielts gre :14637}
pecuniary [pɪˈkju:niəri] adj. 金钱的；应罚款的 {gre :16890}
难点词汇
forefathers ['fɔ:] n. 祖先；先人（forefather的复数） { :18671}
bulwark [ˈbʊlwək] n. 壁垒；保障；防波堤 vt. 保护；筑垒保卫 { :18948}
dante ['dænti] n. 但丁（意大利诗人） { :19188}
leer [lɪə(r)] n. 媚眼，秋波；恶意的瞥视 vi. 抛媚眼，送秋波；斜睨 {gre :19693}
platitudes [p'lætɪtju:dz] n. 平常的话，老生常谈，陈词滥调( platitude的名词复数 ); 滥套子 { :19933}
beget [bɪˈget] vt. 产生；招致；引起；当…的父亲 {toefl gre :19985}
philistines [ˈfɪlɪˌsti:nz] n. 市侩，庸人( philistine的名词复数 ); 庸夫俗子 { :20080}
ardour [ˈɑ:də] n. 激情；热情；情欲；灼热 { :20938}
snobbish [ˈsnɒbɪʃ] adj. 势利的 {cet6 toefl gre :21368}
moralists [ˈmɔ:rəlɪsts] n. 道德家，道德主义者，说教者( moralist的名词复数 ) { :21627}
undiluted [ˌʌndaɪˈlu:tɪd] adj. 未稀释的，未冲淡的；未搀水的 { :22143}
sterility [stə'rɪlətɪ] n. [泌尿] 不育；[妇产] 不孕；无菌；不毛；内容贫乏 { :22153}
highbrow [ˈhaɪbraʊ] n. 卖弄知识的人；知识分子 adj. 不切实际的；自炫博学的；知识分子的 {gre :22359}
outshining [aʊtˈʃaɪnɪŋ] v. 比…更出色，更优异( outshine的现在分词 ) { :22869}
outshine [ˌaʊtˈʃaɪn] vt. 使相形见绌；胜过；比…更亮 vi. 放光 {gre :22869}
desiccated [ˈdesɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 干的（等于desiccate）；粉状的 v. 使干燥（desiccate的过去式）；变干 { :23936}
puritanism ['pjuәritәnizm] n. 清教；清教主义；清教徒习俗；道德上的极端拘谨 { :25707}
evanescent [ˌi:vəˈnesnt] adj. 容易消散的；逐渐消失的；会凋零的 {gre :26321}
ticklish [ˈtɪklɪʃ] adj. 不安定的，不稳定的；难对付的；易倒的；易痒的；忌讳的 {gre :28399}
Falk [fɔk] [人名] 福尔克 { :28654}
ostentation [ˌɒstenˈteɪʃn] n. 卖弄；虚饰；虚有其表 {ielts gre :30755}
uncultivated [ʌnˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd] adj. [农] 未经耕作的；无教养的；不文明的 { :32425}
Augustan [ɒ:'gʌstәn] n. 奥古斯都时期的作家 adj. 奥古斯都时代的（古罗马帝国皇帝）；奥古斯都的 { :34474}
sagacious [səˈgeɪʃəs] adj. 睿智的，聪慧的；有远见的，聪慧的 {toefl gre :35944}
gayer ['ɡeɪər] adj. 快乐的，华美的; 同性恋的( gay的比较级 ); 轻率的，放荡的; 快乐的，轻松的; （色彩等）明快的 { :36771}
paterfamilias [ˌpeɪtəfəˈmɪliæs] n. 家长 { :38251}
geniality [ˌdʒi:nɪ'ælətɪ] n. 亲切；温暖；舒适 { :38648}
生僻词
fire-arms [ ] (fire-arm 的复数) 轻武器
over-developed ['əʊvərdɪv'eləpt] 发育过度的
suttee [ˈsʌti:,sʌˈti:] n. 妻子的殉节；殉夫自焚的妻子
unadapted ['ʌnə'dæptɪd] adj. 不适应的，未经改编的
week-days [ ] (week-day 的复数) 工作日
well-to-do [wel tə dʊ] adj. 小康的；富裕的
whole-heartedly [ˌhəʊl'hɑ:tɪdlɪ] adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注地
womenkind [wɪ'menkaɪnd] n. 妇女们, 女性
词组
a fool [ ] [网络] 傻瓜；傻子；傻头傻脑
accord to [ ] [网络] 给予；根据；是给予的意思
at a loose end [æt ə lu:s end] na. 无固定职业；没有着落；没有工作[职业]；未确定解决 [网络] 无所事事；闲着；处于杂乱状态
augustan age [ ] n. 拉丁文学的黄金时代
boast about [ ] na. 夸耀 [网络] 自夸；吹嘘；吹牛
confine to [kənˈfain tu:] v. 限于 [网络] 局限于；限制；限制在一定范围之内
converse with [ ] 与…谈话
dawn upon [ ] [网络] 渐被感知
Derelict Ship [ ] 弃船
devoid of [ ] v. 缺乏N；没有N [网络] 缺少；全无的；缺乏的
die of hunger [ ] na. 饥死 [网络] 饿死；死于饥饿；死於饥饿
hurry off [ ] na. 匆匆离去；使赶快去 [网络] 匆匆离开；匆忙离开；匆匆忙忙离去
in all sincerity [ ] [网络] 一片真心；非常诚意；极其真诚地
in perfection [ ] [网络] 完美
in the grip of [ ] un. 控制自己的情绪；被捏在…里；在…控制之下；患了 [网络] 受……控制；处于；受…的控制
incapable of [ ] adj. 不会 [网络] 无能力；没有能力；没有……的能力
infer from [ ] v. 推断 [网络] 从…推断出；从…中推断；推论
interfere with [ˌɪntəˈfiə wið] 干扰，干涉；妨碍；触动或弄坏；乱动；与……抵触
irrational fear [ɪˈræʃənəl fiə] [网络] 非理性恐惧；非理性的恐惧；特殊的恐惧
loose end [lu:s end] n. 未交代清楚的情节 [网络] 未扎紧的末端；松经；掏槽的采煤工祖
natural termination [ ] 自然终止
outlook on [ ] [网络] 对……眺望；对…看法；观点
outlook on life [ ] [网络] 人生观；世界观，人生观，价值观；人生价值观
per cent [pə: sent] adj. 每一百中 n. 百分之… [网络] 百分数；百分率；百分比
pretend to [priˈtend tu:] v. 假装；妄想 [网络] 假装做；自称具有；他总是装聋
prey to [ ] 深受…...之害 被…...捕获
sacrifice to [ ] 向…祭献; 为…牺牲〔奉献〕…, 舍弃…以得到…
suffice to [ ] [网络] 足以
the hindu [ ] [网络] 印度教徒报；印度徒报；印度人报
the Widow [ ] [俚语]香槟酒(源自法国著名香槟酒的商标名)
to perfection [tu: pəˈfekʃən] na. 完全地；好极 [网络] 尽善尽美地；完美地；到达完美的境界
惯用语
in europe
they do not
单词释义末尾数字为词频顺序
zk/中考 gk/中考 ky/考研 cet4/四级 cet6/六级 ielts/雅思 toefl/托福 gre/GRE
* 词汇量测试建议用 testyourvocab.com